This article was first published in the Spring 2005 issue of Bible and Spade.

For some 800 years, from the time of Jacob until the time of Gideon, Shechem was an important highland urban center controlling the area from Megiddo to Jerusalem (Wood 1997). It is no surprise, then, that Gideon's son Abimelech went to the leaders of Shechem¹ to gain support for his failed attempt to become king of the Israelite tribes. Three archaeological discoveries at Shechem relate to the narrative of Judges 9.

Temple of Baal-Berith

References to the "temple of Baal-Berith" (v. 4), "Beth-Millo" (vv. 6, 20), "temple of their god" (v. 27), "tower of Shechem" (vv. 46, 49) and "temple of El-Berith" (v. 46) all appear to be the same structure at Shechem (Stager 2003; 1999: 242, 245; Toombs 1992: 1184; Campbell 1983: 269; Campbell and Ross 1963: 16). Berith is the Hebrew word for "covenant," so the temple was for "Baal of the covenant." A large fortress temple discovered on the acropolis of Shechem has been identified as the temple of Judges 9 (Stager 2003; 1999). It was constructed in the 17th century BC and lasted until the destruction of the city by Abimelech in the 12th century BC. The largest temple yet found in Canaan, it measures 70 x 86.3 ft (21.2 x 26.3 m), and has foundations 17 ft (5.1 m) thick that supported a multistoried superstructure of mud bricks and timber. On the east, two towers containing stairwells to the upper stories flanked the entrance. Inside, two rows of columns, three in each row, divided the space into a nave and two side aisles (cf. vv. 46-49; Stager 2003: 29-31; 1999: 229, 243-45).

Plan of the fortress temple at Shechem, showing the locations of the altar and standing stones (Hebrew, masseboth) in the courtyard in front.

In front of the temple was a courtyard with a large earthen and stone altar, 7.2 x 5.4 ft (2.2 x 1.65 m) and 1.1 ft (35 cm) high, 21 ft (6.5 m) from the temple entrance. An enormous limestone stela, or massebah, stood 6.6 ft (2 m) further to the southeast. It is 4.8 ft (1.48 m) wide, 1.4 ft (42 cm) thick, and, although broken, 4.8 ft (1.45 m) high. Since the temple existed in Joshua's day, it is possible this was the "large stone" which he set up "under the oak near the holy place of the LORD" at Shechem (Jos 24:26; Stager 2003: 68; 1999: 242; Campbell and Ross 1963: 11). The stela is undoubtedly the "pillar" where Abimelech was made king (v. 6; Stager 2003: 31, 33; 1999: 242; Campbell and Ross 1963: 11).

Massebah, or "standing stone," in front of the fortress temple at Shechem. This may be the stone that Joshua erected at Shechem (Jos 24:26) and the "pillar" where Abimelech was made king (Jgs 9:6). Photo by Bryant G. Wood.

East Gate

The city gate where Gaal, the leader of the opposition force, and Zebal, governor of Shechem, observed the approach of Abimelech's forces (vv. 34-40) was excavated on the east side of the site (Seger 1997: 22; Toombs 1992; Boling 1975: 179; Wright 1965: 71-76; Campbell and Ross 1963: 16). Facing the agricultural fields to the east, it is a two-entryway gate with a paved courtyard 26.2 x 21.5 ft (8.0 x 6.55 m) between the two entryways. On either side of the courtyard are guardrooms with stairways leading to upper stories.

To enter, one approached from the south along a cobbled street, turned left, and passed through the two entryways 11 ft (3.4 m) wide, ca. 21 ft (6.5 m) apart.

East Gate at Shechem where Zebal and Gaal watched Abimelech's forces advance on the city as dawn was breaking (Jgs 9:345-40). One entered the gate from a cobbled street that ran along the city wall (left side of photo), through the gate and down five steps into the city. Photo by Bryant G. Wood.

Destruction Level

Abimelech "destroyed the city and scattered salt over it" (v. 45). Abundant evidence was found throughout the site that a violent destruction had occurred at the time of Abimelech (Seger 1997: 22; Toombs 1993: 1347; 1992: 1178,1184; 1979: 70, 71, 72, 73, 78; 1976:58, 59; 1972: 106; Wright 1967: 364; 1965: 101-102). Lawrence Toombs, one of the excavators of Shechem, described the devastation as follows (1979: 73): "The Iron I city underwent violent destruction, which obliterated its buildings and left the site a wilderness of ruins. At the time of its destruction, the culture of the city was fully-developed Iron I. The end of the Iron I city is almost certainly to be attributed to its capture by Abimelek (Judges 9)."

The excavators date the destruction to ca. 1125-1100 BC (Campbell 1993: 1352; Seger 1997: 22), in excellent agreement with the Biblical time frame. The site then lay abandoned for some 100 years until it was rebuilt in the tenth century BC, the time of the United Monarchy.

Footnote

¹ The Hebrew word used in Judges 9 for the rulers of Shechem, baal, is used in a similar way in the Amarna Letters for city leaders, ca. 1350 BC (Moran 1992: 175, n. 5).

Bibliography

Boling, Robert G. 1975. Judges. The Anchor Bible 6A. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.

Campbell, Edward F., Jr. 1983. "Judges 9 and Biblical Archaeology." Pp. 263-71 in The Word of the Lord Shall Go Forth: Essays in Honor of David Noel Freedman in Celebration of His Sixtieth Birthday, eds. Carol L. Meyers and Michael O'Connor. Winona Lake IN: Eisenbrauns.

———. 1993. "Shechem, Tell Balâtah." Pp. 1345-54 in The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land 4, ed. Ephraim Stern. Jerusalem: The Israel Exploration Society Carta.

Campbell, Edward F., Jr., and Ross, James F. 1963. "The Excavation of Shechem and the Biblical Tradition." Biblical Archaeologist 26: 1-27.

Moran, William L. 1992. The Amarna Letters. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Seger, Joe D. 1997. "Shechem." Pp. 19-23 in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East 5, ed. Eric M. Meyers. New York: Oxford University Press.

Stager, Lawrence E. 1999. "The Fortress-Temple at Shechem and the 'House of El, Lord of the Covenant.'" Pp. 228-49 in Realia Dei: Essays in Archaeology and Biblical Interpretation in Honor of Edward F. Campbell, Jr., at His Retirement, eds. Prescott H. Williams and Theodore Hiebert. Atlanta: Scholars.

———. 2003. "The Shechem Temple Where Abimelech Massacred a Thousand." Biblical Archaeology Review 29.4: 26-35, 66, 68-69.

Toombs, Lawrence E. 1972. "The Stratigraphy of Tell Balatah (Ancient Shechem)." Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 17: 99-110.

———. 1976. "The Stratifi cation of Tell Balâtah (Shechem)." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 223: 57-59.

———. 1979. "Shechem: Problems of the Early Israelite Era." Pp. 69-83 in Symposia: Celebrating the Seventy-Fifth Anniversary of the Founding of the American Schools of Oriental Research (1900-1975), ed. Frank M. Cross. Cambridge, MA: American Schools of Oriental Research.

———. 1992. "Shechem (Place)." Pp. 1174-86 in The Anchor Bible Dictionary 5, ed. David N. Freedman. New York: Doubleday.

Wood, Bryant G. 1997. "The Role of Shechem in the Conquest of Canaan." Pp. 245-56 in To Understand the Scriptures: Essays in Honor of William H. Shea, ed. David Merling. Berrien Springs, MI: The Institute of Archaeology/Siegfried H. Horn Archaeological Museum.

Wright, G. Ernest. 1965. Shechem: The Biography of a Biblical City. London: Gerald Duckworth.

———. 1967. "Shechem." Pp. 355-70 in Archaeology and Old Testament Study, ed. D. Winton Thomas. Oxford, England: Clarendon.